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Squid Game: The Official Podcast
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Recalibrating the Perspective on Tibetan and Himalayan History: Identity- and Nation-Building in Bhutan (Transcript)
Manage episode 383643617 series 3380128
Conteúdo fornecido por Oxford University. Todo o conteúdo do podcast, incluindo episódios, gráficos e descrições de podcast, é carregado e fornecido diretamente por Oxford University ou por seu parceiro de plataforma de podcast. Se você acredita que alguém está usando seu trabalho protegido por direitos autorais sem sua permissão, siga o processo descrito aqui https://pt.player.fm/legal.
In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan. Focusing on the identity and agency of Bhutanese Buddhist masters as important intermediaries in Bhutan’s entangled and turbulent history with Tibet, her research is centred around the joint Bhutanese-Tibetan travels of the Ninth rJe-mKhan-po of the Bhutanese ’Brug-pa bKa’-brgyud school, Shākya Rin-chen (1710–59) to Tibet under the supervision of the Second Dre’u-lhas-sprul-sku Grub-dbang Kun-dga’-mi-’gyur-rdo-rje (1721–69). Dr. Schwerk’s interdisciplinary research design combines historical-philological methods by analyzing a thus far untranslated corpus of diverse Bhutanese and Tibetan primary sources, such as legal codes and historiographical works; life-writings; and doctrinal works, with a theoretical framework from religious studies focusing on identity and social differentiation between the societal spheres of religion, politics, and law. As a result, this approach enables us to understand and describe the decisive fourfold and multidimensional relationship between religious-doctrinal identity, socio-cultural identity, identity policies, and nation-building in Bhutan at that time. Dr. Schwerk will introduce examples and relevant aspects of her methodologies and textual sources. More broadly speaking, her research aims to demonstrate how the eighteenth century represents a critical juncture in Bhutanese religious and political history that enables a novel understanding of Bhutan today, particularly of its Buddhism-induced, sustainable development model of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Moreover, to elicit a fruitful discussion and to also invite questions of a comparative and/or theoretical character with scholars and students from various backgrounds present at the TGSS, Dr. Schwerk will place her case study of Bhutan as a unique example of a non-Western development path in the broader context of Tibetan and Himalayan history and research.
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55 episódios
Manage episode 383643617 series 3380128
Conteúdo fornecido por Oxford University. Todo o conteúdo do podcast, incluindo episódios, gráficos e descrições de podcast, é carregado e fornecido diretamente por Oxford University ou por seu parceiro de plataforma de podcast. Se você acredita que alguém está usando seu trabalho protegido por direitos autorais sem sua permissão, siga o processo descrito aqui https://pt.player.fm/legal.
In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan. Focusing on the identity and agency of Bhutanese Buddhist masters as important intermediaries in Bhutan’s entangled and turbulent history with Tibet, her research is centred around the joint Bhutanese-Tibetan travels of the Ninth rJe-mKhan-po of the Bhutanese ’Brug-pa bKa’-brgyud school, Shākya Rin-chen (1710–59) to Tibet under the supervision of the Second Dre’u-lhas-sprul-sku Grub-dbang Kun-dga’-mi-’gyur-rdo-rje (1721–69). Dr. Schwerk’s interdisciplinary research design combines historical-philological methods by analyzing a thus far untranslated corpus of diverse Bhutanese and Tibetan primary sources, such as legal codes and historiographical works; life-writings; and doctrinal works, with a theoretical framework from religious studies focusing on identity and social differentiation between the societal spheres of religion, politics, and law. As a result, this approach enables us to understand and describe the decisive fourfold and multidimensional relationship between religious-doctrinal identity, socio-cultural identity, identity policies, and nation-building in Bhutan at that time. Dr. Schwerk will introduce examples and relevant aspects of her methodologies and textual sources. More broadly speaking, her research aims to demonstrate how the eighteenth century represents a critical juncture in Bhutanese religious and political history that enables a novel understanding of Bhutan today, particularly of its Buddhism-induced, sustainable development model of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Moreover, to elicit a fruitful discussion and to also invite questions of a comparative and/or theoretical character with scholars and students from various backgrounds present at the TGSS, Dr. Schwerk will place her case study of Bhutan as a unique example of a non-Western development path in the broader context of Tibetan and Himalayan history and research.
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Asian Territorial Deity Cosmologies as Vehicles for the Transmission of Buddhadharma (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 40:51
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40:51Robert Mayer's analysis of Guru Chowang's enduring connection between territorial deity cosmologies and the preservation of hidden teachings in Tibetan Buddhism Academic scholars are accustomed to understanding gter as sacred texts often associated with Padmasambhava, within a cult deriving historically from ancient imperial burials. Yet the great 13th-century Padmasambhava devotee Guru Chowang primarily understood gter, by definition, within a mundane framework, barely mentioning Padmasambhava at first, and with not a word about ancient tombs. Even more striking about Chowang’s understandings of gter are their widespread and continuing persistence, as suggested by recent ethnographies of Tibet’s territorial deity cosmologies. For rather than place ancient tombs at the centre of his analysis, Chowang looked to popular terrestrial deity cosmologies to provide a vehicle for Padmasambhava’s hidden teachings. This graft of Indian Buddhist notions of transcendent, spiritual, transmission onto mundane Tibetan territorial deity cosmologies still thrives to this day. Indeed, Tibetan scholars understood Indian Buddhism previously to have made a similar use of India’s nāga and yakṣa territorial deity cosmologies for the concealment and rediscovery of Buddhist teachings.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Nāgas and relic treasures in the Mahāvaṃsa (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 41:46
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41:46Kristin Scheible uncovers the hidden role of nāgas in defining Buddhist treasures and explores their surprising significance in safeguarding sacred relics through early texts Much of the literature on nāgas in Indian Buddhist monasticism has focused on their rain-making and monastery-protecting duties. However, early Buddhist texts are full of narratives about nāgas serving the Buddha, dharma, and saṅgha by guarding in their subterranean palaces a variety of specifically Buddhist treasures. For example, nāgas played exactly this role in an important Pāli Buddhist text from Nāgārjuna’s roughly contemporaneous and neighbouring Sri Lanka, the Dīpavaṃsa. The fifth century Mahāvaṃsa enhances the depiction of nāgas as hoarders and valuers of treasures. Scheible argues that nāgas were not background characters in the Pāli Buddhist imaginaire around Nāgārjuna’s time; by stealing, hoarding, and venerating various types of sacred relics of the Buddha in their nāgaloka they in fact define what a treasure is.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Recalibrating the Perspective on Tibetan and Himalayan History: Identity- and Nation-Building in Bhutan (Transcript)
In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan. Focusing on the identity and agency of Bhutanese Buddhist masters as important intermediaries in Bhutan’s entangled and turbulent history with Tibet, her research is centred around the joint Bhutanese-Tibetan travels of the Ninth rJe-mKhan-po of the Bhutanese ’Brug-pa bKa’-brgyud school, Shākya Rin-chen (1710–59) to Tibet under the supervision of the Second Dre’u-lhas-sprul-sku Grub-dbang Kun-dga’-mi-’gyur-rdo-rje (1721–69). Dr. Schwerk’s interdisciplinary research design combines historical-philological methods by analyzing a thus far untranslated corpus of diverse Bhutanese and Tibetan primary sources, such as legal codes and historiographical works; life-writings; and doctrinal works, with a theoretical framework from religious studies focusing on identity and social differentiation between the societal spheres of religion, politics, and law. As a result, this approach enables us to understand and describe the decisive fourfold and multidimensional relationship between religious-doctrinal identity, socio-cultural identity, identity policies, and nation-building in Bhutan at that time. Dr. Schwerk will introduce examples and relevant aspects of her methodologies and textual sources. More broadly speaking, her research aims to demonstrate how the eighteenth century represents a critical juncture in Bhutanese religious and political history that enables a novel understanding of Bhutan today, particularly of its Buddhism-induced, sustainable development model of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Moreover, to elicit a fruitful discussion and to also invite questions of a comparative and/or theoretical character with scholars and students from various backgrounds present at the TGSS, Dr. Schwerk will place her case study of Bhutan as a unique example of a non-Western development path in the broader context of Tibetan and Himalayan history and research.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Recalibrating the Perspective on Tibetan and Himalayan History: Identity- and Nation-Building in Bhutan 42:52
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42:52In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan In this talk, Dr. Dagmar Schwerk presents the work-in-progress of her current research project, an investigation into identity- and nation-building in eighteenth-century Bhutan. Focusing on the identity and agency of Bhutanese Buddhist masters as important intermediaries in Bhutan’s entangled and turbulent history with Tibet, her research is centred around the joint Bhutanese-Tibetan travels of the Ninth rJe-mKhan-po of the Bhutanese ’Brug-pa bKa’-brgyud school, Shākya Rin-chen (1710–59) to Tibet under the supervision of the Second Dre’u-lhas-sprul-sku Grub-dbang Kun-dga’-mi-’gyur-rdo-rje (1721–69). Dr. Schwerk’s interdisciplinary research design combines historical-philological methods by analyzing a thus far untranslated corpus of diverse Bhutanese and Tibetan primary sources, such as legal codes and historiographical works; life-writings; and doctrinal works, with a theoretical framework from religious studies focusing on identity and social differentiation between the societal spheres of religion, politics, and law. As a result, this approach enables us to understand and describe the decisive fourfold and multidimensional relationship between religious-doctrinal identity, socio-cultural identity, identity policies, and nation-building in Bhutan at that time. Dr. Schwerk will introduce examples and relevant aspects of her methodologies and textual sources. More broadly speaking, her research aims to demonstrate how the eighteenth century represents a critical juncture in Bhutanese religious and political history that enables a novel understanding of Bhutan today, particularly of its Buddhism-induced, sustainable development model of Gross National Happiness (GNH). Moreover, to elicit a fruitful discussion and to also invite questions of a comparative and/or theoretical character with scholars and students from various backgrounds present at the TGSS, Dr. Schwerk will place her case study of Bhutan as a unique example of a non-Western development path in the broader context of Tibetan and Himalayan history and research.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 ‘Treasures’ (gter ma) and treasure-finders in Yungdrung Bön: a Tibetan tradition spanning a thousand years (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 50:58
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50:58This talk presents an outline of the Yungdrung Bön ’Treasure’ tradition The Tibetan Bön religion, often called Yungdrung (‘Eternal’) Bön by its adherents, arose in Central Tibet at the same time as the ‘Latter Propagation’ (phyi dar) of Buddhism, i.e. in the 10th-11th century CE. In fact, it shares many traits with the Latter Propagation, and may be viewed as part of a broader socio-religious movement in Tibet at the time. An important element, shared by both these religions, is the appearance of ’Treasures’, texts (and to some extent objects) considered by their respective adherents to have been hidden in former centuries at a time when the religion was persecuted or when the people of Tibet were not considered sufficiently spiritually mature to receive the texts. The Treasures are believed to have been brought to light by ’Treasure discoverers’ (gter ston), particularly gifted or divinely chosen individuals who passed them on to their circle of disciples or patrons. This talk will present an outline of the Yungdrung Bön ’Treasure’ tradition, a tradition which is still alive, thus spanning more than a thousand years. From origins which are different compared to those of Buddhist ’Treasures’, it has developed and diversified over the centuries, ultimately becoming the most significant source of Yungdrung Bön canonical scriptures.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Yoginīs, Revelation, and Hidden Knowledge in Tantric Śaivism (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 33:52
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33:52This presentation examines Śākta transformations of conceptions of revelation and the transmission of esoteric knowledge in Mantramārga Śaivism This presentation examines Śākta transformations of conceptions of revelation and the transmission of esoteric knowledge in Mantramārga Śaivism. In particular, the presentation focuses on representations of Yoginīs, both divine and human, as sources of power or hidden knowledge, as guardians of esoteric teachings, and as agents of revelation.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Nectar, Water, or Blood? A Buddhist History of Perceptual Relativism 46:03
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46:03In this talk, Jacob Fisher presents his research on a history of the Buddhist discussions surrounding perceptual relativism, in India and Tibet Indian and Tibetan epistemologists have spent millennia grappling with the central philosophical questions of relativism and intersubjectivity. This talk will present my ongoing DPhil research that attempts to map a philosophical history of the discussion, by focussing on a specific Buddhist example that problematises perceptual relativism. This classic Buddhist example is the perception across world spheres of a river, which depending on the realm one belongs to, will be perceived as either blood for hungry ghosts, water for humans, or nectar for the gods. This classic example of at least three contradictory perceptions emphasises the paradox of relativism and elicits novel philosophical and epistemological solutions to this real-world problem. The story begins in India with a brief map of the chronological and philosophical developments of the example, beginning with a Pāli discourse and followed by Vinaya, Abhidharma, and Mahāyāna sources. Next, the discussion shall survey the major Tibetan exegetes of Madhyamaka philosophy over the last millennia, specifically those who use the example. Finally, we will zoom inwards to focus on a specific debate on a highly controversial interpretation of the example by Tsongkhapa (1357-1419), in which he simultaneously bolsters the importance of conventional epistemic instruments (tshad ma, pramāṇa) while at the same time undermining them through ascribing an illusory nature to all existence.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 A Chorus of Voices Chanting the Names of Mañjuśrī Rong-zom Chos-kyi-bzang-po’s Commentary on the Nāmasaṅgīti, and Its Indian Sources 53:54
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53:54Nicola Bajetta takes us through Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo's commentary on the Nāmasaṅgīti, a hymn of praise dedicated to Mañjuśrī Among the circa thirty-two extant works by the seminal rNying-ma scholar Rong-zom Chos-kyi-bzang-po (11th–12th cent.), his Explanation in Three Points (rNam gsum bshad pa) is one of the earliest autochthonous Tibetan commentaries on the (Mañjuśrī)nāmasaṅgīti. Included within the author’s Collected Writings, the commentary is also transmitted, anonymously, in all editions of the bsTan ’gyur, with the title Lamp that Clarifies the Three Methods (Tshul gsum gsal bar byed pa’i sgron ma). Rong-zom-pa’s commentary, as the title suggests, is an exegesis of the tantra in three main points (rnam gsum): 1) a discussion of the nature of Mañjuśrī (i.e., non-dual gnosis), 2) of His different Names (i.e., the names of all defiled and undefiled phenomena), 3) and of the way His Names should be chanted (i.e., by viewing His Names as having the meaning of good qualities, by viewing His Names as having the meaning of mantras, and by viewing His Names as having the meaning of non-duality). Following a general introduction to the Nāmasaṅgīti, the commentaries thereupon, and the life and works of Rong-zom Chos-kyi-bzang-po, my talk will lay emphasis on the Indian sources that underlie the composition of the rNam gsum bshad pa. Particularly significant is Rong-zom-pa’s reliance on Vilāsavajra’s (late 8th cent.) Nāmamantrārthāvalokinī (NMAA) (one of three Indian commentaries on the Nāmasaṅgīti that are still extant in Sanskrit) and Smṛtijñānakīrti’s (11th cent.) *Guhyāpannopāyikāvṛtti, a commentary on Vilāsavajra’s maternal uncle Agrabodhi’s (8th cent.) *Guhyāpannopāyikā, translated by the same Smṛtijñāna, who also translated the NMAA. After analysing different modalities and degrees of textual borrowing / textual re-use from these two sources to the rNam gsum bshad pa, I will conclude by drawing a few comparisons between the canonical versions of the Tibetan translation of the NMAA and an extra-canonical version extant in a single dBu-can manuscript from the ’Bras-spungs-gnas-bcu-lha-khang in lHa-sa.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Sūtra in Early Buddhist Treasure Texts (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 50:51
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50:51Reinier Langelaar’s talk on early Tibetan treasure literature’s influences, inspirations, and narrative themes Early Tibetan treasure literature was pivotal in the development of a distinctly Buddhist vision of Tibetan history. In formulating such narratives, two influential early works, the Ma-ṇi-bka’-‘bum and the Bka’-chems-ka-khol-ma, appear to have relied quite heavily on inspiration from Buddhist scriptures, as they refer to, and sometimes explicitly cite from, a raft of sūtra, dhāraṇī, and tantra. These sources include a somewhat enigmatic set of 21 scriptures that were taught to the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. This talk will explore to what degree Buddhist scripture in fact informed the composition of these two authoritative treasure texts. Were references and citations from Buddhist scripture chiefly window dressing, or did they provide genuine inspiration for the narratives formulated in these works? What narrative themes were adopted from Buddhist scripture? Did some sūtras play a particularly large role? By delving into such questions, this talk opens a window on the gestation of early Buddhist treasure texts, as well as the role that the Buddha’s Word (buddhavacana) played in Tibetan Buddhism during the phyi dar period.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Early Teachings on the Four Phurpas and the Relationship between the Revelatory and Transmitted Textual Tradition (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 41:30
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41:30Early teachings on the Four Phurpas in the light of the Eightfold Buddha Word, Embodying the Sugatas (bka' brgyad bde gshegs 'dus pa) revelation of Myang ral Nyi ma 'od zer (1124-1192), and the relationship between the Revelatory (gter ma) and Transmitted Myang ral's twelfth century revealed corpus of the Eightfold Buddha Word, Embodying the Sugatas (bka' brgyad bde gshegs 'dus pa) became a template for Rnying ma practice focusing on the tradition's eight central tantric deities. In a previous article (2020a), I have suggested that the entire Action Phurpa ('phrin las phur pa) section of the Eightfold Buddha Word is likely to pre-date Myang ral, and seems to preserve an archaic practice tradition. Here, I explore further Phurpa materials in the corpus which relate to the teachings on the Four Phurpas, or the Four Phurpa Materials (phur pa'i rgyu bzhi), alongside related teachings in the corpus of transmitted texts (bka' ma) which were also part of Myang ral's heritage. The centrality of the Four Phurpa teachings in these texts may have influenced the later Vajrakīlaya traditions, which generally put considerable emphasis on these teachings. I assess how the specific teachings on the Four Phurpas passed on by Myang ral in the revealed (gter ma) and transmitted texts (bka' ma) relate to each other, and to other early sources on the Four Phurpas. It seems not only that some of the transmitted Eightfold Buddha Word texts of The Fortress and Precipice (rdzong 'phrang) cycle were very early, but one short instruction on the Four Phurpas is quite likely to derive from the historical Padmasambhava. Moreover, it draws upon an authoritative source which seems also to have made its way into texts within Myang ral's Embodying the Sugatas revelation dealing with the same topic. Finally, in considering the framing of Myang ral's Embodying the Sugatas as revelation, one effect of the new presentation is that King Khri srong lde'u btsan, who was supposed to have been the main original recipient of The Fortress and Precipice transmissions, but did not remain in the lineage, was brought back into centre stage in the transmission. For Myang ral was his rebirth, and key texts of the Embodying the Sugatas revelation are said to have come from the King's manuscripts.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Exploring relationships between theory of practice and practice by looking at the Abhisamayālaṃkāra in Gelukpa scholasticism 51:58
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51:58Chandra Ehm's investigation into the foundations of the Geluk monastic curriculum The commentarial corpus of the Abhisamayālaṃkāra, as we find it in the scholarship of the gelukpa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, clearly outlines soteriological paths on how to achieve the religious goal of enlightenment. These scriptures are studied, debated, and contemplated for eight years in the context of the geshe studies by the monastic scholar. Based on two texts, authored by Gyaltsab Dharma Rinchen and Longdol Lama, as well as the preliminary findings of my anthropological research, this talk will explore how these scriptural paradigms translate to institutional realities in the monastic seats, which role they take in the personal lives of the monastic virtuoso, and how they connect to their spiritual practice.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Transformation of Nyingma Identity: Some Key Developments in Contemporary Nyingma Monastic Education 45:51
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45:51Nicholas Hobhouse on Developments in Contemporary Nyingma Monastic Education This presentation, which draws upon the speaker’s ongoing PhD research, will examine some of the key developments that have taken place in Nyingma monastic education, both in ‘exile’ and inside Eastern Tibet, since the ruptures brought about by the Maoist invasion of the 1950s. Although the terms ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’ must themselves be chronologically defined and carefully nuanced, the elements seen in contemporary Nyingma monastic education might provisionally be grouped into these two categories. ‘Traditional’ elements, whose origins trace to before the 1950s, would include: the leading role played in monastic education by institutions such as Dzogchen Śrī Siṃha, the fact of the bshad grwa more generally being the key institution, the use of curricular texts by Nyingma luminaries such as Mipham (1846-1912), the emphasis on distinctive Nyingma philosophical interpretations, the employment of pedagogies such as bshad pa, and so on. ‘Modern’ elements, whose origins postdate the 1950s, would include: the tightly formalised systems of examination and certification, the extracurricular engagement with subjects like English and science, the expansion of education to nuns, and so on. One might expect a discussion of the key developments in the contemporary period only to relate to those elements categorised as ‘modern’. However, while those elements will indeed be addressed, this presentation will in fact argue that important developments have taken place even in relation to those elements categorised as ‘traditional.’ Noting especially that there is marked conformity among Nyingma approaches to monastic education across the ‘exile’ space but comparative diversity among Nyingma approaches inside Eastern Tibet, and thus that the world of Nyingma monastic education has bifurcated into two tracks that mainly run in parallel, this presentation will draw upon both Tibetan primary sources and interviews conducted during fieldwork in India, Nepal and Eastern Tibet to trace how this has occurred, and what its implications might be. This presentation will conclude by reflecting on how these developments, and the discourses around them, challenge the idea of a singular Nyingma identity - especially in relation to institutional and scholastic identity – just as much as they challenge rigid categorisations of ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity.’…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Forms of Buddhist treasures (re)discovered in Kalmykia (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 35:10
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35:10Valeriya Gazizova's talk on several cases of ‘treasure’ concealment and discoveries in the Buddhist society of postsocialist Kalmykia I shall discuss several cases of ‘treasure’ concealment and discoveries that can be somewhat subsumed under the broader category of Tibetan gter ma in the Buddhist society of postsocialist Kalmykia. Whether scriptural revelations, discoveries of material images or concealment of powerful deceased bodies and body relics, the emergent forms of ‘treasures’ appear to be largely centred on the worship of ancestral and local protective deities and entail (re)opening of sacred spaces. The correlation between ancient burial mounds, territorial deities and Kalmyk treasure practices deserves particular attention. While being instrumental in the ongoing process of national recovery and maintaining what is often positioned as ethno-religious continuity disrupted by the Soviet state persecutions, the revealed objects, texts and deities become points of contention and even strife as they also modify the indigenous cosmology.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
Drukgyel Tsering's talk on Rendawa Shonu Lodro (1349–1412), the famed teacher of Lama Tsongkhapa and important progenitor of Madhyamaka philosophy in Tibet Red mda' ba gzhon nu blo gros (1349–1412) was one of the most exceptional scholars in 13th and early 14th century Tibet. He played a critical role in bringing Madhyamaka philosophy back to the attention of Tibetan scholasticism after its relative decline. The purpose of this presentation is to examine the historical and philosophical context that influenced the development of Red mda' ba's Madhyamaka thought . By analyzing his newly discovered treatise The Moonlight of the Essential Points of the Two Truths (Bden gnyis gnad kyi zla zer), this presentation aims to explore how Red mda' ba articulates the central themes of Madhyamaka philosophy, with a particular focus on the nature of the two truths, their intricate interrelation, and their classifications, in order to advance our understanding of the various Madhyamaka interpretations present in Tibetan Buddhism.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Rgyud sde spyi rnam ascribed to Rin chen bzang po (958–1055) and its authoritative sources 41:17
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41:17Sonam Choden discusses Lo tsā ba Rin chen bzang po's composition of his "General Presentation of the Tantric Systems" and its authoritative sources While numerous Indian works translated by Lo-chen Rin-chen-bzang-po (958–1055) have been transmitted through the Tibetan Buddhist Canon and are thus easily available, works composed (or believed to have been composed) by him have been rarely accessible. Recently, however a work titled rGyud sde spy’i rnam par gzhag pa ’thad ldan lung gi rgyan gyis spras pa (hence forth: rGyud sde spyi rnam) attributed to Lo-chen Rin-chen-bzang-po has surfaced. The title may be rendered into English as “A General Presentation of the Tantric [Systems/Doctrines] Adorned by the Ornaments of Tenable Authoritative Sources.” Indeed, the work is “adorned” with numerous authoritative scriptures. Rin-chen-bzang-po, not only cites many canonical sources in support of his exposition, but he also present them as a backup against presumed refutations to it. Moreover, he also relies on canonical sources in order to present the opponents’ position. Sometimes, he cites the same verse as an additional source for two different arguments without providing any further explanation. It is intriguing not only to learn how the translator had composed his ‘Presentation of Tantric Systems’ based on his vast knowledge of numerous tantras, but also to witness the authority he provides to those sources to support both his own and the opponents’ position. This talk proposes to discuss how Rin-chen-bzang-po had deployed authoritative sources in support of his composition of the rGyud sde spyi rnam. And the affinity between his authoritative sources in the rGyud sde spyi rnam and the Canonical Sources. Since this work seems to be the earliest among the Tibetan works belonging to this genre, it also bears an important role as an early textual witness. Hence, this talk also aims to explore whether subsequent Tibetan scholars provide any authority to Rin-chen-bzang-po as they compose their own rGyud sde spyi rnam.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 How Tibetans Received and Perceived the Yuan Edicts: Some Preliminary Observations 37:51
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37:51This lecture highlights Tibetan responses to the Mongol imperial bureaucratic practices during the 14th century The value of government documents for studying the 13–14th-century Tibetan history has long been recognized. But we do not know much about the procedures of drafting, issuing, translating, announcing, and receiving these documents. With the sporadic information gathered from biographies such as that of Mus chen Rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po (1286–1347), we try to put together a picture of how a Yuan edict was delivered to its recipient. More difficult to tell is how such official documents were perceived by the Tibetans living in the period. We will approach this question indirectly, by studying the speech acts where the Yuan edicts were used for rhetorical purposes. The works of Ta’i si tu Byang chub rgyal mtshan (1302–1364) and ‘Ba’ ra ba Rgyal mtshan dpal bzang po (1310–1391) will be used as examples, through which we will see how the Yuan edict provided Tibetans with a universal style of authority in the 14th century.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Theorizing Buddhist Revelation in the Great Lamp of the Dharma Dhāraṇī Scripture (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 45:44
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45:44The Great Lamp of the Dharma Dhāraṇī Scripture and its theory on scriptual revelation in the Mahāyāna tradition. The Great Lamp of the Dharma Dhāraṇī Scripture (Da faju tuoluoni jing 大法炬陀羅尼經), extant only in a late sixth-century Chinese translation, purports to transform the wielder of its dhāraṇī into a perfect Buddhist preacher (fashi 法師, *dharmabhāṇaka). According to this text, becoming a perfect preacher entails entering “the Treasury of Tathāgatas” (rulai zang 如來藏), a state in which the preacher accesses the awakening of Buddhas. Ritually representing the Buddha in the body of the preacher, the preacher’s sermons are authorized as the word of the Buddha. Paying particular attention to the ways in which the text frames innovation as a kind of recovery, we will explore how the Great Lamp theorizes scriptural revelation in the Mahāyāna tradition, and how it anticipates forms of revelation in later esoteric Buddhist traditions. About the speaker Ryan Richard Overbey, Robert H.N. Ho Family Foundation Assistant Professor in Buddhist Studies, Skidmore College. He is a specialist in Buddhism, Chinese religions, Indian religions, Tantra, esoteric traditions, ritual, theory and method in the study of religion, and digital humanities. He works at the intersection of ritual and intellectual history in the Buddhist tradition, probing the close links between theory and practice, between philosophy and liturgy. As a philologist, his work focuses on the edition and interpretation of texts preserved in Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan in the first millennium CE. As a scholar and teacher in Religious Studies, he seeks to collapse distinctions between “premodern” and “modern,” between “elite” and “popular,” and between “West” and “East.”…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 A typology of modes of revelations in Chinese religious history (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 45:00
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45:00Vincent Goossaert's talk on the ritual production of revelation in Chinese religious history This talk will provide an overview of the modes of producing revelations in Chinese religious history, based on my recently published book Making the Gods Speak (Cambridge, Harvard University Asia Center, 2022). It will focus on a five-fold typology of modes of revelation, based on narratives about the revelatory events, the ritual techniques mobilized, and the form of the revealed contents. By using criteria such as the presence of witnesses, the existence of a known and replicable ritual technique used, and the types of agencies ascribed to human and divine actors, it distinguishes ideal types that help us navigate the ever-growing and remarkably diverse world of divine speak in Chinese cultures. Hopefully it will also prove useful for transcultural comparisons. About the speaker Vincent Goossaert, EPHE, PSL is a historian of Chinese religions. He previously focused on institutions and regulations but recently concentrated more on practices (spiritual exercises) and ideas (history of eschatologies).…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Towards a textual discourse analysis of Longchenpa’s writings on Buddha nature 54:14
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54:14Gregory Forgues presents his research on Longchenpa's writings on Buddha nature This presentation offers a new perspective on the discourse of Longchenpa (Klong chen rab ’byams pa dri med ’od zer 1308–1363) regarding the central doctrinal concept of bde gshegs snying po (*sugatagarbha), a synonym for de gshegs snying po (tathāgatagarbha). Longchenpa lived in a time period during which leading figures belonging to distinct Tibetan Buddhist traditions produced systematic presentations of the Buddhist doctrines they inherited from India. Some of these doctrines could have been interpreted as contradictory in the absence of any hermeneutical project aiming at presenting them in a coherent way. The work of Longchenpa is in this way characteristic of this time period. It takes the form of a grand synthesis from the lowest vehicles up to the pinnacle of the path, the teaching of rDzogs chen. In this presentation, I will share the findings of my investigation of Longchenpa’s entire sub-corpus of texts in which the term bde gshegs snying po and its synonyms are found. This task has not yet been completed in a systematic way, although it is an important preliminary step to (1) better understand Longchenpa’s discourse on Buddha nature and (2) to assess any potential evolution of his position in the course of time. Recent developments in the Digital Humanities have given rise to a number of tools ranging from time-tested corpus-linguistic methods to innovative text mining algorithms. From a practical perspective, I will show how corpus linguistics, text analytics, and text mining tools can be used to produce a textual discourse analysis of Longchenpa’s writings on Buddha nature.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Variants of the Rudra Subjugation Myth: Contrasting Themes in the Legends of Mahākāla and Vajrabhairava (Transcript)
Cameron Bailey's talk on wrathful deities and their myths While the Rudra/Maheśvara subjugation myth is well known in Tantric Studies there exist a great number of variant retellings of it in the Tibetan literary record which have largely been overlooked by scholarship. This presentation will discuss two cycles of less-well known versions of this centrally important tantric charter myth, one from the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, centring on a form of Mahākāla and the other from the Sarma tradition, focused on Vajrabhairava. I argue that these two versions of the myth in fact present very different, even radically opposing, theological worldviews.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Variants of the Rudra Subjugation Myth: Contrasting Themes in the Legends of Mahākāla and Vajrabhairava 48:39
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48:39Cameron Bailey's talk on wrathful deities and their myths While the Rudra/Maheśvara subjugation myth is well known in Tantric Studies there exist a great number of variant retellings of it in the Tibetan literary record which have largely been overlooked by scholarship. This presentation will discuss two cycles of less-well known versions of this centrally important tantric charter myth, one from the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, centring on a form of Mahākāla and the other from the Sarma tradition, focused on Vajrabhairava. I argue that these two versions of the myth in fact present very different, even radically opposing, theological worldviews.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Rise of Guru Yoga in Twelfth-Century Tibet 36:03
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36:03Zim Pickens looks at the origins of guru or lama worship in Tibet, introducing us to the Indian antecedents and the Tibetan emphasis on the role and status of the lama. In the twelfth century, Indian and Tibetan Buddhist authors drew from doctrinal and scriptural sources to promote new rites for worshipping the guru in the manner of a buddha. First, we will examine how Anupamavajra and Sa skya Paṇḍita cite earlier models for relating to a guru—performing acts of service and following commands—to respectively argue that the gurumaṇḍala and guru yoga (bla ma’i rnal ‘byor) rites are in keeping with Buddhist tradition. We will then turn to bKa’ brgyud material, including guru yoga, in which the Tibetan lama supplants Indic buddhas and deities as the primary object of worship. The popularization of preliminary practices (sngon ‘gro) almost entirely focused on the lama demonstrates the lasting effect of such developments on Tibetan Buddhist traditions.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Treasure Hunting in the Philippine Islands (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 41:21
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41:21Where to Look for the Missing Plunder of Pirates, Ghosts, Rebels, Fairies, Colonisers, and Dictators Lost treasure is a recurrent motif in Philippine folklore. Treasure-seeking heroes are ordinary individuals who seek access to riches that have fallen under the jurisdiction of supernatural entities. Yet success is by no means guaranteed. Claimants may be undone by their own moral failings or by the superior power of outside antagonists, often in the guise of colonial authorities. At the same time treasure stories have the capacity to inspire optimism. By cooperating with supernatural agents and maintaining moral integrity, downtrodden-but-virtuous treasure hunters are granted an opportunity to reverse their fortunes and to restore justice. While folktale traditions have declined significantly in the Philippines, I argue that stories concerning treasure remain especially resonant as coherent rationalisations for wealth inequality or for the regular misappropriation of resources by powerful yet underserving actors. In the twentieth century, lost-treasure cycles have found new life in revisionist narratives of the Japanese occupation (1942–1945) and the Marcos dictatorship (1965–1986). Treasure amassed by these powerful administrations is represented as being hidden in landscapes, always ready to be discovered by ordinary people yet at imminent risk of falling into the wrong hands.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
Charles Stewart's surveys the diversity of treasure traditions in Greece In this talk I will survey the diversity of treasure traditions in Greece. Treasures may take many forms beyond objects buried with the intention of later recovery by their owners. In general, treasures are valuables currently hidden and thus mainly objects of the imagination, the location of which may be revealed in mystical revelations, sometimes in dreams. Treasures may be guarded by spirits and difficult to recover. The search for them may be anti-social or criminal. Treasures, I contend, are like rivets holding the past and the present together. In imagining them and occasionally finding them Greek people engage in a relationship to the past that promises to open a new future.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Treasure Traditions in Greece (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 1:00:32
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1:00:32Charles Stewart's surveys the diversity of treasure traditions in Greece In this talk I will survey the diversity of treasure traditions in Greece. Treasures may take many forms beyond objects buried with the intention of later recovery by their owners. In general, treasures are valuables currently hidden and thus mainly objects of the imagination, the location of which may be revealed in mystical revelations, sometimes in dreams. Treasures may be guarded by spirits and difficult to recover. The search for them may be anti-social or criminal. Treasures, I contend, are like rivets holding the past and the present together. In imagining them and occasionally finding them Greek people engage in a relationship to the past that promises to open a new future.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Displacement: Tibetan Buddhist Contributions to the International Humanitarian Field 39:40
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39:40Dr Kilby's talk explores Tibetan Buddhist perspectives on displacement that can inform the international humanitarian response to the displacement crisis The world’s displaced population breaks new records each year and has now climbed to more than 100 million people. What insights can Buddhist traditions—and Tibetan traditions in particular—offer for addressing this humanitarian challenge? Dr Kilby draws on texts and ethnographies to offer some Tibetan Buddhist perspectives on displacement, both historical and contemporary, that can inform the international humanitarian response to the displacement crisis. She connects this research to her work consulting with the International Committee of the Red Cross, highlighting the value of academic engagement with the humanitarian sector.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Dharmabhāṇakas, Siddhas, Avatārakasiddhas, and gTer stons (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 49:21
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49:21This lecture offers a new look at the origins of Gter ma literature in an intertextual framework. Academic authors on the origins of gter ma have generally agreed that the evolution of the gter ma traditions in Tibet must be seen as a confluence of both Indian and Tibetan influences. Yet surprisingly little effort has so far gone into researching the Indian influences. Drawing inter alia on Paul Harrison's work on the Pratyutpanna-buddha-saṃmukhāvasthita-samādhi-sūtra and Śāntideva’s Śikṣāsamuccaya, Ulrike Roesler's work on the early Bka' gdams pa tradition in Tibet, John Nemec's work on the avatārakasiddhas of Kashmir, and David Drewes' work on dharmabhāṇakas in Indian Mahāyāna, this talk is an offering towards setting out on that much-delayed task.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Early Explanations for the Appearance of Mahāyāna sūtras (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 42:26
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42:26A presentation looking at how early Mahayana sutras explain where they came from. This presentation argues that the authors of these texts shared a general understanding that the Buddha revealed them to advanced bodhisattvas during his lifetime and appointed them with the task of returning to the world five hundred years later to reveal and spread them. It also considers the ideas that these texts were revealed in meditation or dreams, and that they were revealed by the pratibhāṇa, or inspired speech, of śrāvakas.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Revelation and Rediscovery: Early Medieval Indian Origin Myths of the Tantras (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 45:27
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45:27David Gray talks about revelatory or "treasure" texts from Indian and Tibetan perspectives in a comparative framework. This presentation will attempt to shed some light on the process by which tantras are believed to have been revealed in the world in Indian Buddhist tantric traditions. Unfortunately, we have very little information about the actual revelation process, unlike in the Nyingma “Treasure” gter ma traditions, for which we have numerous sources describing this process. Surveying some of the available sources, I will argue that in India, as in Tibet, we find both accounts of discovery of physical texts as well as accounts of purely visionary revelation. However, even in the case of the former, we find that visionary experiences seem to play an important role in the revelation process. Drawing on these accounts, the work of Tanya Luhrmann and my own experience, I will suggest that visionary experiences likely triggered by intensive visualization practice likely played a central role in the revelation of tantric Buddhist scriptures in India.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Perfected Beings in Human Form: The Siddha Tradition in Śaiva Tantra (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 49:15
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49:15John Nemec's talk on the origin of siddha and its polysemic application in Sanskrit textual sources. It is well known that the term “siddha” comes to be used to refer to Śaiva, and other, masters who enter the earth in bodily form, as perfected beings thus authorized to teach. Often, they are described as having “crossed down” to this world, bringing teachings with them to share with humanity—thus the use of the term avatāraka to refer to such ones in the Krama literature. At the same time, the earliest date for use of the term siddha to refer to such incarnated teachers is indeterminate. The purpose of this talk is to begin to trace the development of the term “siddha” in Sanskrit textual sources, in order to identify how the term has changed in use over time and what the Śaiva tantric traditions had available to them to take up into their own uses of the same. In doing so, the non-tantric prehistory of the term siddha is examined, which originally referred to a class of beings and not to incarnated gurus, a use of the term that is adopted sometimes, too, in the tantric sources themselves.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Dharmabhāṇaka’s Body and the Ontologization of Authority (Oxford Treasure Seminar Series) 42:20
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42:20This talk by Natalie Gummer explores the role of Dharmabhāṇaka – those who recite the Dharma – in Mahāyāna Sutras In this presentation, Natalie Gummer looks at the “Chapter on the Benefits to the Performer of the Dharma” (dharmabhāṇakānuśaṃsāparivartaḥ) in the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka (Lotus Sūtra), in which the Buddha proclaims the many remarkable transformations that will take place in the six sense faculties of the performer of the dharma (dharmabhāṇaka). Her analysis of this chapter clarifies the sūtra’s normative vision both for the self-referential performance of the dharmabhāṇaka and for the bodily transformations that he is said to undergo as a consequence of his performance. In the process, the presentation sheds light on the temporal aspects of self-referentiality as elements in the embodied performance of authority and demonstrates some of the ritual and performative precedents for the creation of new forms of buddhavacana.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Medicine Mountains along the Himalayas: Healing, Trade, and Ecology 1:00:45
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1:00:45The Greater Himalayas extend through many different kinds of community. This lecture considers several ‘medicine mountains’, particular mountains that fold society and ecology together, and explores them as a comparative category
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Why Go on Pilgrimage? Geomancy and the Transformational Powers of Sacred Places in Tibetan Buddhism and Bon 1:01:30
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1:01:30This presentation considers the association between pilgrimage and healing in Tibet through an exploration of the process whereby natural sites are imbued with meaning This presentation considers the association between pilgrimage and healing in Tibet through an exploration of the process whereby natural sites are imbued with meaning. The qualities with which they are endowed are seen to have beneficial transformative powers for visitors.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Reading khrims Between the Lines: The Rise of Legality in 13th Century Central Tibet 46:07
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46:07Daniel introduces us to the term khrims and looks at the “rise of legality” in 13th century Central Tibet. What were Tibetan ideas concerning the relationship between law and power? In the search for answers to whether “law” (khrims) existed in pre-modern Tibet, previous scholarship has uncovered new aspects of khrims’ semantic and functional spectrum, which ranges from administration to morality, ideology, legislation and law. I would argue this is because the term khrims has undergone conceptual change(s). The aim of my talk is twofold: In the first part of the presentation, I will sketch in broad strokes the development of khrims from the beginnings of the “Tibetan empire” to the mid-13th century. I will highlight the various connotations of the term and provide the necessary background for the period (mid-13th century–1354 CE) of my work-in-progress dissertation. In the second part, I will build on this analysis and present my perspective on the meaning of hor khrims. The invasion of the Mongols and the subsequent integration of Tibet into the Mongolian Empire is well attested through many legalistic documents, edicts, and historical reports. But what exactly was introduced by the Mongols, and how did this affect the administration of Central Tibet?…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Virūpa is Virūpākṣa: Towards an Indo-Tibetan Siddha Corpus 37:46
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37:46Westin Harris opens the dialogue between Tibetan, Nāth and Yoga studies centred around the figure of Virūpa As the supposed originator of haṭhayoga’s Buddhist “source text,” the legendary siddha called Virūpa has arisen as a key figure of interest in Yoga and Nāth Studies. Nonetheless, such discourses continue to underappreciate the value of Tibetan and Buddhist sources. In this lecture, I will examine a number of overlooked and understudied Virūpa narratives to demonstrate how Tibetan Virūpa hagiographies and South Asian Virūpākṣa(nāth) stories constitute a single, cross-sectarian narrative tradition stretching from South India to Tibet. While much of the recent scholarship on South Asian siddha narratives has focused on what should or should not be counted as “Nāth literature,” I present the model of an Indo-Tibetan “Siddha corpus” as a more useful alternative that can better accommodate the shared, dialogic nature of such stories.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Buddhism and Gender Perspectives in Sikkim: Historical and Contemporary Approaches 37:30
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37:30The talk explores the historical and contemporary influence of women in Sikkim from a Buddhist perspective Sikkim is a former Buddhist kingdom in the Himalayas that was once blessed by Padmasambhava and prophesied as a so-called sbas yul, a sacred hidden land. So far, the lives and deeds of Tibetan masters who visited and helped shape Sikkim have been collected and analysed. But what role did women play in Sikkim from a Buddhist point of view? Which gender perspectives prevail? And perhaps most importantly, how are Buddhism and gender related in Sikkim and why is this topic relevant at all? This talk will place historical and contemporary perspectives on gender issues in the context of Buddhism in Sikkim.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Connections in the Making and Meaning of the Art of Bhutan and Tibet in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries: A Study of the Wall Paintings at Tango Monastery 47:46
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47:46Pu Lan discusses her PhD project, which explores the 17th-century Monastery of Tango and how it illustrates the development of wall painting technology in Bhutan The Kingdom of Bhutan retains an exceptional heritage of Buddhist wall paintings dating from the early 16 th century to the present. As one of the most significant sites the Utse (central tower) of Tango Monastery, established in 1688 presented itself as a unique demonstration of wall painting development and changes since the 17th century to the present. Scientific analysis provided the opportunity to understand the paintings from a perspective of making, answering questions such as how the painting was made and what materials were used. Further comparative studies helped draw the timeline of renovation phases and re-establish the building history when literature records were incomplete. This talk will use Tango Utse to describe the changes in wall painting technology in Bhutan from the 17th century to the present day.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
Brenton Sullivan presents his new book "Building a Religious Empire: Tibetan Buddhism, Bureaucracy, and the Rise of the Gelukpa" and discuss the third chapter, "Institutionalizing Tantra", in more detail In his new book, "Building a Religious Empire Tibetan Buddhism, Bureaucracy, and the Rise of the Gelukpa (UPenn Press, 2020)" Sullivan utilizes constitutions written for Buddhist monasteries as well as Chinese and Tibetan historical materials to uncover the role of Buddhist prelates in legislating and administering their monasteries across Inner Asia. In this talk, he will focus in particular on the attention these prelates gave to domesticating tantra taking the streams of powerful mouth to ear practices meant for the liberation of the practitioner and bringing them into the confines of the monastery, where they serve the purposes of the institution.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Mongolian Kanjur - Should Tibetologists Care? 39:53
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39:53Kirill Alekseev presents his latest research on the Mongolian Kanjur and its ramifications in Tibetan Studies The Mongolian Kanjur is a voluminous collection of sacred Buddhist texts structured in a specific way. It owes its name, origin, and to a great extent, its arrangement and contents to a similar Tibetan set of Buddhist scriptures. At times in academic literature, it is characterised as a mere translation of the Tibetan Kanjur. In fact, it is a vast body of texts that underwent a long-term process of modifications, rather than a fixed collection of holy scriptures that appeared fully formed, never to be altered. In my talk, I will present recent findings on Buddhist canonical literature in the Mongolian language. They highlight that the manuscript version of the Mongolian Kanjur is not as homogeneous as was commonly believed. Its copies reveal structural variations and enclose different, at times asynchronous, translations of the same texts. The Mongolian manuscript Kanjur contains (1) translations of some rare versions of Tibetan texts; (2) a significant number of bstan bcos texts, some of which do not occur in the various Tibetan Kanjurs that we have at our disposal and (3) textual elements (such as the dkar chags, numbering of sections and ślokas) which are found only in Tibetan local collections or proto-Kanjurs. It also includes an early Tibetan text from Dunhuang called The History of the Cycle of Birth and Death (skye shi 'khor lo'i lo rgyus) absent in any of the extant Tibetan Kanjur collections. These facts suggest that the Mongolian Kanjur was modelled after a somewhat archaic Tibetan collection that has not survived to the present day.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Layers of Protection: Everyday Life with Empowered Objects 41:09
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41:09In her talk, Inger Vasstveit discusses “empowered objects” - small Buddhist objects that people wear on their person - in relation to the broader socio-political and cosmological environment in India In this talk, I will focus on vital aspects connected to the ways Tibetans use and understand empowered objects. The term "empowered objects" refers to a wide range of small objects – infused with Buddhist powers – that people wore on their person. My interlocutors used the terms srung ba (protection) or simply byin rlabs (blessing) when referring to these objects in general. In English these objects are often termed amulets or charms. In my talk I term these objects "empowered objects" and I will present some of the objects that people commonly wore. I will also conceptualize the practice of producing and using empowered objects as a “technology” applied to cope with local, mundane concerns – such as travels, illnesses, social interactions and a possible major earthquake – and which simultaneously influenced people’s movements, perceptions and emotions. It is my argument that these powerful objects can be seen as empowering practice to maintain health and to navigate in a dynamic and capricious socio-political, physical and cosmological environment. At the same time, the practice can be understood as constitutive for the continuous making of a Buddhist lifeworld.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Death by Poisoning: Cautionary Narratives and Inter-Ethnic Accusations in Contemporary Sikkim 44:22
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44:22Kikee Bhutia talks about the contemporary discourses around ‘othering’ in Sikkim and analyse the region’s inter-ethnic challenges This presentation explores the vernacular discourse surrounding the ambiguous nature of Dhuk lha (Poison deity) in Sikkim. Before its merger with India in 1975, Sikkim was a Himalayan Buddhist kingdom ruled by the Chogyal Dynasty formed in 1642 under the influence of Tibetan theocracy. Today’s demography is primarily made up of the Lhopo (Bhutia), Rong (Lepcha), and Nepalese ethnic groups. Additionally, there are people from Bihar, Bengal, Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and other parts of India, who are generally referred to as ‘madhise’ ‘dhoti’ (plainsmen) now settled in Sikkim, as well as Tibetan refugees who arrived there after Tibet’s occupation by China in the 1950s. In this talk, I argue that the ambiguous position of Dhuk lha can be interpreted and seen as an outcome of the growing communal and ethnic influence on local, Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions and belief systems. While communal harmony has long been the ideal norm, this ethnic diversity also always carries the possibility of creating disorder. According to Erikson (1993); “… ethnic relations are being defined and perceived by people; how they talk and think about their own group and its salient characteristics as well as those of other groups, and how particular worldviews are being maintained, contested and transformed.” Therefore, the fear of being poisoned assumes varied and contested forms among different communities, who reside in Sikkim and often practice demonizing and ‘othering’ each other.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Fervent admiration and devotion: Exploring devotional literature in the collected works of the 3rd Dodrupchen 28:26
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28:26Renée Ford's introduction to the devotional literature in the collected works of the 3rd Dodrupchen composed in admiration of his late teacher Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo. Devotion is a primary category in Tibetan Nyingma Buddhism The Third Dodrupchen Jigme Tenpa’i Nyima (1865-1926) writes in his The Excellent Way How Guru Yoga Bestows Highest Wisdom how unwavering devotion is a student’s portal to realization. For this reason, s ā dhan ā practices like guru yoga emphasize the necessity of devotion and faith. These two important epistemological categories also play a role in the Great Completeness. We also find a plethora of devotional literature in Tibetan such as the Third Dodrupchen’s collective works. This talk introduces the Third Dodrupchen’s devotional literature on his primary teacher, Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820-1892) and explore how these texts mirror guru yoga practices.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Role of Prophecies in the Construction of the Geluk Tradition 42:33
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42:33In this talk, Michael Ium explores the role of prophecies in the legitimation and construction of the Geluk tradition. The focus of this presentation is the role of prophecies in the early history of Ganden Monastery and the construction of the Geluk tradition. Beginning with those articulated during Tsongkhapa’s own life, more and more prophecies would be cited over the years, attributed by Gelukpa historians to some twenty different texts and to a variety of figures, including buddhas, bodhisattvas, and revered Tibetan figures such as Songtsen Gampo Padmasambhava, and Machig Labdrön. This presentation will describe some of the main features of these prophecies, and then consider the role they played in the legitimation and construction of the Geluk tradition.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Liu pin fo lou (Building of Six Classes of Sutra and Tantra), the Tibetan Buddhist pantheon in the Forbidden City 30:13
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30:13Ziyi Shao takes us to the reign of the Qianlong Emperor and will show us around the Fan hua lou (Hall of Buddhist Efflorescence), one of the most complex and prominent Buddhist monuments in the Forbidden city Fan hua lou (Hall of Buddhist Efflorescence) is one of the most complex and prominent Buddhist monuments in the Forbidden city Constructed during the Qianlong period, the two story building contains in sum 732 small bronze statuettes, 54 large statuettes and six mysterious stupas inside the building. Many of the iconographic compositions are rather unusual, and the building is a unique example for the study of the development of Buddhist doxography in the perspective of the Gelugpa school during the 18th century. In this talk, I will explore how the building is composed and how the iconographic pantheon is related to other Buddhist pantheons like Zhufo pusa shengxiang zan (All the buddhas and bodhisattvas), the Three Hundred Icons, and Yuhuage.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Culture of Emotions: Uses and Interpretations of Musical Heritage in the Tibetan Refugee Community of Dharamsala 36:35
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36:35Chloé Lukasiewicz talk on the significance of music in the Tibetan refugee community in Dharamsala, India Little work on emotions in migration exists in anthropology, and ethnomusicology has not yet invested much in this field of research. Nor has such an approach been developed in Tibetan studies either, particularly in the related music-ethnological approaches. Studies of religion and politics have flourished at the expense of a more sensitive approach to the lived experience of people. In this dynamic, within the studies that deal with music practised in exile, I am particularly interested in the notion of nationalism, which takes on particular importance. But my several fieldworks conducted in Dharamsala (1 year in total) made me wonder: Is nationalism as central to the experience of Tibetan refugees in Dharamsala as it is to the field of Tibetan studies? To answer this question, I set up a tool, the systematized listening session, to highlight an axiologic grammar (or value system) on which the individual logic of appreciation is based. For my presentation, I will firstly present the systematized listening session, its content and the synthesis of values that have been assigned by participants to one of the eleven items that are part of the session’s playlist. Secondly, I will present the approaches and developments that this tool enabled me to formulate for my research.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Buddhism and the Rise of ‘the Tibetans’ (bod pa): Religion, Myth and the Promotion of Ethnicity in the Pre-modern Period 44:59
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44:59Apropos 'the Tibetans': Reinier Langelaar's talk focuses on the mythical origins and the promotion of ethnicity in historical Tibet There are ongoing interdisciplinary debates concerning the age and origins of inter-regional collective identities. Although recent work on “ethnicity” and “nationalism” has repeatedly highlighted the role of religion and myth in nurturing large-scale communal identities even in the pre-modern period, the modernist paradigm – associated with authors such as Anderson, Hobsbawm and Gellner – still retains theoretical hegemony. In Tibetan studies, the history of the ethnic category of “the Tibetans” (bod pa) is yet to be thoroughly probed. This talk will explore the promise that historical Tibetan literature holds for these larger debates. It will touch on the central role of Buddhism and Buddhist myths in sustaining and fortifying the notion of “the Tibetans” (bod pa) in the pre-modern period, and make preliminary remarks on the salience of this identity across various regions of the Tibetan Plateau.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Human Remains in Tibetan Material Religion: An object centered approach 32:07
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32:07Ayesha Fuentes shares a unique and interdisciplinary insight into art conservation of human remains in Tibetan material religion This talk introduces research into the use and instrumentalization of human remains in Tibetan material religion – as skull vessels, bone ornaments, thighbone trumpets and the double-sided skull drum – through an object-centered methodology that combines the technical documentation of examples in accessible museums and collections, visual cultural and iconographic study, and observations and interviews made during fieldwork across the Himalayas. This work attempts to describe an interpretive rubric for these objects within a dynamic continuity of material skill and knowledge transfer, social valorization and cultural historical narratives, and which is complementary to textual sources and/or practice-based religious education.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Sacred Trash, Trash Talks, And Personhood 41:37
41:37
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41:37Bo Wang discussing the practice of depositing garments as offerings to sacred mountains in Eastern Tibet Different interpretations of what constitutes “trash” can reveal complex interactions between Tibetans and Han Chinese in the Eastern Himalayas. This talk adopts the term “trash talk” to illuminate how the Tibetan practice of depositing garments as offerings to sacred mountains has become a center of Tibetan-Han debates about ethnic identity, morality, and personhood. Establishing the contours of waste-management infrastructure in a Tibetan area of Yunnan, China, that has been developed for tourism, this article examines the Tibetan term dreg pa (pollution), a morally laden notion of impurity. The author highlights how Tibetans seek to avoid dreg pa and achieve a reciprocal balance with “mountain-persons” (mountains as sacred beings) by making offerings of personal garments. The Han Chinese waste-management sector’s perception of these garment offerings as litter creates a dispute between Tibetans and Han as to what is sacred and what is trash. I argue that the offered garments should be seen not as trash but as people—active entities that mediate the reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment. These linkages among the local notion of dreg pa, uncertainties surrounding used garments, and personhood suggest that waste-management policies must take local notions of waste into consideration in order to be both efficient and culturally sensitive, especially in the current troubled trash politics of mass tourism and global environmentalism.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The First Tibetan Block Print: The Khara-Khoto Collection of Precious Dhāraṇīs with the Emperor's Postscript 35:45
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35:45Alla Sizova discusses the role of translation activities in the spread of Buddhism in the 12th century and outlines the extent of Tibetan influence on the Tangut culture. In the 12th century the spread of Buddhism in the Tangut Empire, including its translation and publication activities, reached its peak. From the colophons of the surviving texts, we learn that the numerous Buddhist texts in Tangut, Chinese and Tibetan languages were published by the thousands for distribution among the participants of the national Dharma assemblies. At present, however, we have only one example of such an edition in all the three languages, that survived to our time. The Tibetan book is of particular importance because until recently no earlier printed works in the Tibetan language were found. In my talk, I will outline the extent of the Tibetan influence on the Tangut culture, which will serve as a background for the introduction of this truly unique example of printing. Some aspects of the history of this text have already been explored in previous studies. I will try to summarize all the results, clarify codicological questions and present new results of my research.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Fictional Facts or Factual Fiction? The Social Reality behind Kha stag ʼDzam yag’s "Diary" and Lhag pa Don grub’s "Life of a mule driver" 46:13
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46:13Fictional Facts or Factual Fiction? Lucia Galli's talk on self-representation and the social reality behind two Tibetan memoirs Cultural meanings and socio-historical realities hide in the interstices between literature and history, and narrative indisputably plays a central part in both fictional and factual writings. While the role of historians as “fiction-makers” has been theorised by Hayden White as far back as 1974, the question of whether a novel gives us access – albeit in its own peculiar way – to the same kind of truth that we express in our assertions about states of affairs in the world is still a much disputed ground. This presentation deals with questions of narrative’s truth by analysing and comparing two different Tibetan texts, namely Kha stag ʼDzam yag’s Diary (nyin deb) and Lhag pa Don grub’s novel The Life of a Muleteer (Drel paʼi mi tshe). In questioning the arbitrary categorisation that will have these texts placed at the opposite ends of an imaginary clear-cut “fiction”- “nonfiction” divide, I will first bring to the fore the fictional aspects of the diary narrative and their function in increasing our understanding of indigenous representations of the self, and then examine the factual nature of Lhag pa Don grub’s work, largely based on the author’s memories and personal experiences.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Nechung Oracle and the Construction of Identity in the Tibetan Diaspora 41:10
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41:10The Oracle in Exile: Pema Choedon's talk on the Nechung Oracle and identity construction in the Tibetan Diaspora Nowadays, Tibetans in the diaspora are increasingly conscious of what they consider as their ‘culture,’ and certain cultural elements are therefore crucial in their identity formation. Today the Gnas chung rgyal po, known among Tibetans as “the state oracle of Tibet,” is one of their most important cultural traditions. Nevertheless, it has become the object of controversy, and some factions are wholly opposed to the oracular practice. In my presentation, I will discuss questions concerning the contemporary relevance of this institution: 1. Why is the Nechung Oracle still so important for Tibetans in the 21st century? 2. Why are some Tibetans against the practice? 3. And in what way is the Nechung Oracle one of the Tibetan identity markers within the diaspora communities?…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The Mortality of the Dalai Lama and its Scriptural Sources: A Study in Tibetan Buddhist Political Theology 52:28
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52:28I am currently focusing on the problem of the Dalai Lama’s mortality that is, the question of how to come to terms with his suffering and death, in light of the association between Tibetan kingship and the deity Avalokiteśvara. In this talk, I’ll share some of my work in progress on the divine kingship of the 5th Dalai Lama. In particular, I am currently focusing on the problem of the Dalai Lama’s mortality that is, the question of how to come to terms with his suffering and death, in light of the association between Tibetan kingship and the deity Avalokiteśvara. My sources are late 17th century texts written by the Desi Sangyé Gyatso, who wrote extensively on the 5th Dalai Lama’s joint divinity and mortality. In addition to their value for Tibetan intellectual and political history, my larger aim is to think about the Desi as a theorist of Buddhist kingship, one whose efforts to clarify a basic theological political dilemma may also speak to larger conversations about the dual constitution of royal authority.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 Preliminary Practices: Bloody Knees, Calloused Palms and the Transformative Nature of Women’s Labor 35:08
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35:08The Preliminary Practices not only initiate practitioners into a specific tradition, but also more fundamentally, into Vajrayana Buddhism as it is practiced in contemporary Tibet. In this paper, I explore the Preliminary Practices of a specific group of Tibetan Buddhist women in Bongma Mayma a rural area of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. I focus specifically on the nuns and lay women who utilize this set of teachings and practices. The Preliminary Practices not only initiate practitioners into a specific tradition (that of the Drikung Kagyu and more specifically the Amitabha practices of this lineage), but also more fundamentally, into Vajrayana Buddhism as it is practiced in contemporary Tibet. Although monks and male lay practitioners in this region also tend to perform the same Preliminary Practices, I focus specifically on women because of their unique relationship with bodily labor.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
Christopher Bell's talk about oracles, protector deities, and other mysteries The Dalai Lama has sought and trusted the advice of the Nechung Oracle for centuries. In that time, this powerful office has involved the Tibetan Buddhist protector deity Pehar, or his emanations, to possess a human medium and offer prophetic counsel periodically. But the mechanisms through which the institution of Nechung grew, and the contours of the close relationship between the bodhisattva and the god, have yet to receive sustained attention. The speaker will first outline the growth of the Nechung cult through three lenses - mythical, ritual, and institutional - before discussing the often obscure process of book publication as he makes his way through its final stages with this project.…
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Tibetan Graduate Studies Seminar
1 The sku bla of the Tibetan emperors and its metamorphosis in Yungdrung Bön 38:56
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38:56In the late 12th century Yungdrung Bön text Grags pa gling grags a deity that has a special relationship to the Tibetan ruler plays a prominent part in the narrative of the Tibetan kings. However, it is not called sku bla but gur lha a term that would seem to be unknown in the imperial period Its characteristics and functions partly overlap with those of the sku bla but to a significant extent also those of the post imperial yul lha. My paper will focus on a study of the gur lha and suggest why this otherwise somewhat obscure term was given prominence in the narrative of the Grags pa gling grags.…
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