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The Rx Bricks podcast from USMLE-Rx is designed to help you master medical school. Each episode is an audio version of one of our revolutionary Rx Bricks, which are short, high-yield, interactive learning modules. Each week, we present a new audiobrick based on an important basic science topic (e.g., pressure-volume loops) or clinical concept (e.g., ischemic heart disease). Learn more at www.usmle-rx.com
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Speaking of SurgOnc

Annals of Surgical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology

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"Speaking of SurgOnc" is a podcast series brought to you by the Annals of Surgical Oncology (ASO) and the Society of Surgical Oncology(SSO). Dr. Frederick L. (Rick) Greene, ASO Deputy Editor, will explore and expand upon ideas and concepts described in articles published in the Annals of Surgical Oncology. Dr. Greene will interview authors and leading experts about topics of current importance in surgical oncology.
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Making Learning Fun

Idoko, Meshach Ojonoma

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Making Learning Fun is an educational platform for learning basic medical sciences which include Anatomy, Physiology, Medical laboratory science and Medical Biochemistry in a simple way
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Since 1999, the Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning has partnered with faculty in the design, development, and assessment of projects that enhance the Columbia educational experience. The goal of our third New Media in Education Conference is to highlight some of the innovations that have evolved since we began our work seven years ago. Our commitment to keeping pace with current developments while maintaining a reflective context has allowed the Columbia community to benefit ...
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Epithelium is one of the four basic tissue types (the other three are muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue). It is found throughout the body—covering it; lining organs, vessels, and cavities; and forming glands. It absorbs nutrients, transports electrolytes, secretes hormones, and regulates body temperature by producing sweat. We begi…
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What do you know about prokaryote structure and the gram stain? Bacteria are members of a unique taxonomic kingdom consisting of prokaryotic unicellular organisms. Prokaryote is a term from ancient Greek meaning “before the kernel.” The kernel in this case is a nucleus, which prokaryotes lack. Prokaryotes also do not have any membrane-bound organel…
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Dr. Rick Greene discusses with Dr. Dana Dominguez the association of adjuvant chemoradiation in resected biliary cancer with improved overall survival compared to chemotherapy alone, as reported in her article, "Adjuvant Chemoradiation in Resected Biliary Adenocarcinoma: Evaluation of SWOG S0809 with a Large National Database.” Article: Adjuvant Ch…
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What Is Global Health? In our increasingly interconnected world, health challenges transcend national boundaries and demand global solutions. Global health is an interdisciplinary field of study and practice that seeks to improve the health and well-being of populations worldwide, focusing on the health challenges that require global and national a…
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Dr. Rick Greene discusses with Dr. Alexandra Hernandez the role of social support and neighborhood disadvantage on cortisol, a physiologic marker of stress in patients with breast cancer, as reported at the 2024 SSO Meeting in her abstract, "Lower Social Support Predicts Higher Cortisol for Breast Cancer Patients in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods.”…
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How do we survive in a complex environment filled with harmful organisms that thrive on colonizing us? Our heroic defender is the immune system, a network of organs and cell lines that exist with the mission of protecting the body from harm. While we often recognize the pathogen-fighting capabilities of the system, we can sometimes forget that the …
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In the fed state, glucose is used by almost all the cells in the body to generate energy. But even when we are not fueling it with food, our bodies still run well, such as during sleep. Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. The major substrates (substances that enzymes act on) are the glucogenic ami…
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When you hear the word blood, what do you picture in your mind? Most likely, your brain conjures up an image of thick, red liquid. But what would blood look like if you removed all the red cells? You’d be left with a murky yellowish liquid that would clear up once you removed the white cells and platelets. This lovely, clear, straw-yellow, liquid p…
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Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder resulting from defects in factors of the coagulation cascade. There are two primary types of hemophilia: A and B. Both types of hemophilia are rare, with only a combined frequency of about 1 in 5000 live births. Of the two types, hemophilia A is about four times more common. In the intrinsic arm of the coagulation …
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Dr. Rick Greene discusses with Dr. Timothy Pawlik and Dr. Diamantis Tsilimigras the assessment of perioperative mortality and serious complications among patients undergoing complex cancer surgery by surgical oncology fellowship graduates across different career stages. Dr. Pawlik and Dr. Tsilimigras are co-authors of "Practice Patterns and Outcome…
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Pain is a sensation that warns of potential injury and alerts the person to avoid or treat it. For example, if you touch a hot object, you will feel pain and immediately remove your hand from that object, protecting your hand from further damage. As much as pain can burden and torment, ultimately it is an essential part of our bodies’ mechanisms of…
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Dr. Rick Greene discusses with Dr. Brett Ecker the association between extent of resection and disease-specific survival in mucinous and non-mucinous appendiceal adenocarcinomas as reported in his article, "Extent of Resection and Long-Term Outcomes for Appendiceal Adenocarcinoma: a SEER Database Analysis of Mucinous and non-Mucinous Histologies.” …
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As we eat, our gastrointestinal (GI) system releases a host of both local and distant regulators to control the process of digestion. We will begin with the primary hormones, then cover some of the secondary hormones, and lastly discuss how our body senses its intraluminal contents and then subsequently integrates all of the various stimuli it rece…
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Headaches are an unavoidable fact of life and often are nothing more than the result of sitting through one too many lectures. However, they can become debilitating and get in the way of daily life, especially when they become recurrent. Although some headaches have symptoms other than head pain, we typically think of headache pain relative to its …
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he ductus arteriosus (DA) is a structure that allows blood pumped from the right side of the heart to bypass the lungs while the fetus is developing in utero. Normally, the DA closes shortly after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. When the DA fails to close (remains open, or patent) after birth, it is known as patent ductus arteriosus (P…
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In typical reproductive system development, recall that the intermediate mesoderm forms the mesonephric (Wolffian) and paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts and the indifferent gonads; primitive germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonads. These are the structures that become the internal organs of the reproductive systems. After listening to this A…
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Lorenzo Ferri, MD, PhD, the long-term survival outcomes of patients with esophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel-based chemotherapy and en bloc transthoracic esophagectomy. Dr. Ferri is author of, "Docetaxel-Based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by En Bloc Resection for Esophagea…
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Substance use disorder (SUD) refers to a pattern of substance use—be it nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, or something else—that causes significant impairment or distress to the user. SUD is prevalent and growing in the United States and around the world. People of any age may be at risk for developing a substance use disorder. But exposure to and exper…
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Stimulant medications are drugs that increase alertness and attention. They also elevate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Stimulants are used to treat many conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), chronic lethargy, narcolepsy, and obesity. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, amphetamines (such as …
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Kathie-Ann Joseph, MD, MPH, the epidemiologic and socioeconomic factors that are associated with breast cancer among black women and an assessment of the implications of these factors for screening in this population. Dr. Joseph is author of, "The Landmark Series—Addressing Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening: New…
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If you’ve studied the hematopoietic system malignancies—all the leukemias, lymphomas, and plasma cell disorders—you probably feel like you’ve been hit with the good old medical school fire hose. Now’s a good time to take a step back from all the details, make sure that you remember the underlying framework, and pull together some information that c…
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Megaloblast. Now there’s a word you don’t hear every day. The root -blast (from the Greek blastos, meaning germ or bud) may be somewhat familiar since we talk about blast cells (very young hematopoietic precursor cells) in hematology. And megalo- (from the Greek megas, meaning large or great) is also used fairly frequently, as in splenomegaly (enla…
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Blood glucose is proof that you can have too much of a good thing. While glucose serves a critical role as fuel for many of our bodily functions, it must remain in a very tightly controlled range. If the level goes too low, you can fall into a coma. If glucose is too high, damage to tissues throughout the body can occur. When blood glucose is consi…
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Gallstones are the hardened precipitates—“stones”—of the substrates found in bile. The liver makes bile to help digest fats, and the bile is stored in the gallbladder. When there is an excess of a particular substance in the bile (eg, cholesterol or unconjugated bilirubin), gallstones form in the gallbladder. Gallstones can be as small as a grain o…
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Normal blood pressure keeps us alive. It’s the force that moves blood throughout our circulatory system, ensuring that oxygen and nutrients reach our organs and tissues and that waste products are eliminated. When we hear the word hypertension—high blood pressure—we know this describes the blood flow exerting too much force against blood vessel wal…
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Anthony Villano, MD, a review the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Standard 5.6, which pertains to curative intent colon resections performed for cancer. Dr. Villano is author of "Standardization of Colon Resection for Cancer: An Overview of the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer Stand…
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Macroscopic Skin Lesions A thorough skin examination should be performed annually to assess for new or changing macroscopic skin lesions. It is critically important to be able to identify and describe normal and abnormal skin and to note your findings carefully, because a change in an existing skin lesion is the most common sign of skin cancer, inc…
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Jean-Nicolas Vauthey, MD, a comparison of different surgical approaches to synchronous liver metastases from rectal cancer and their analysis of both clinicopathological and biological tumor factors associated with completion of the reverse approach. Professor Vauthey is the senior author of, “Hepatectomy Before Prim…
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Have you ever cut your finger, bumped your head, or fallen and scraped your knee? While you were cursing your clumsiness or bad luck, your body got straight to work healing the injury, relying on the wondrous process of acute inflammation. Shortly after your injury, you most likely experienced some or all of the cardinal signs of acute inflammation…
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Multiple endocrine neoplasias are familial syndromes of endocrine tumors occurring in endocrine organs throughout the body. Despite its acronym, the risk for acquiring MEN is about the same in men and women and also across geographic and racial and ethnic groups. These are rare syndromes, affecting about 1 in 30,000 people. Genetic mutations cause …
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Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle. This muscle is the middle layer of the heart, formally called the myocardium, hence the name myocarditis (the -itis suffix indicates inflammation). Inflammation of the myocardium can be caused by a variety of etiologies, from infection to drugs. If severe enough, inflammation can lead to necrosis…
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Patricio M. Polanco, MD, an analysis of three hospital designations, as well as volume status, and their effect on the delivery of care and survival outcomes using a cancer registry database of the second largest state in the USA. Dr. Polanco is co-corresponding author of, “Hospital Designations and Their Impact on G…
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Learning is traditionally defined as acquiring knowledge through study, experience, or being taught. In psychology, it is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that results from experience. Learning is an ongoing process; we continue learning throughout our entire lives. After listening to this AudioBrick, you should be able to: …
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Salmonella and Shigella species are almost made to be confused—two bacterial infections in the Enterobacteriaceae family that are spread by food and dirty conditions, cause gastroenteritis, and start with S! To make matters more confusing, they look similar on microscopy. While they are more common in developing communities, they are also seen in t…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Inflammatory Disorders of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future …
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Eduardo A. Vega, MD, definitions reported on of benchmark values for gallbladder cancer surgery across an international population as well as geographic differences in gallbladder cancer surgery across multiple continents. Dr. Vega is the senior author of, “Benchmarks and Geographic Differences in Gallbladder Cancer …
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hyperkalemia brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at:Fa…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Renal Laboratory Tests and Urinalysis brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the wor…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Supraventricular Arrhythmias brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follo…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Secondary Hypertension brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USML…
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Susan Tsai, MD, MHS, the results of an analysis examining the efficacy of second-line gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP) after first-line FOLFIRINOX in the neoadjuvant setting among patients with operable pancreatic cancer who were treated with a total neoadjuvant approach. Dr. Tsai is the senior author of, “CA19-9 Res…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Chest X-Ray brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at:Fac…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Congenital Disorders of the Urinary System brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of th…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Hypercapnia brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at:Fac…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Myocardial Infarction brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE…
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Rick Greene, MD, discusses with Sean Cleary, MD, cytoreductive hepatectomy for neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases; specifically, perioperative outcomes and operative trends, rates and duration of symptomatic relief, and long-term survival and predictors of prognosis. Dr. Cleary is the senior author of, “Neuroendocrine Tumor Liver Metastases: Lon…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Cystic Fibrosis brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follow USMLE-Rx at…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Drugs to Treat Acute Coronary Syndrome brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the wo…
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Looking for more information on this topic? Check out the Thrombotic Microangiopathies brick. If you enjoyed this episode, we’d love for you to leave a review on Apple Podcasts. It helps with our visibility, and the more med students (or future med students) listen to the podcast, the more we can provide to the future physicians of the world. Follo…
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